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33)71st Republic Day 2020 highlights| Beating retreat ceremony on Attari-Wagah border on Republic Day

India Republic Day -- India celebrates their 71st Republic Day today. On this day in 1950the Constitution of Of india came into force. The Republic Day paradewhich is considered the main attraction of the days celebrationwas held along Rajpath. It was a 90-minute occasion. Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro was the chief guest within the parade. Before the parade startedPrime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute at the Country wide War Memorial and President Ram Nath Kovind unfurled the national flag as well as General Manoj Mukund NaravaneChief of the Army TeamAdmiral Karambir SinghKey of the Naval StaffMarshal Rakesh Kumar Singh BhadauriaChief of the Air Team. 5 41 PM WIRD PM Narendra Modi finds Rashtrapati Bhawan for At home reception hosted through President Ram Nath Kovind. 5 12 pm WIRD Beating retreat ceremony from Attari-Wagah border on Republic Day. 4 36 pm hours IST Air India Directs 30000 National Red flags To Passengers On Republic Day The national carrier Air India
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Geothermal energy

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Geothermal energy is the thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. The geothermal energy of the Earth's crust originates from the original formation of the planet and from radioactive decay of materials (in currently uncertain but possibly roughly equal proportions). The adjective geothermal originates from the Greek roots γῆ ( gê ), meaning Earth, and θερμός ( thermós ), meaning hot. Earth's internal heat is thermal energy generated from radioactive decay and continual heat loss from Earth's formation. Temperatures at the core–mantle boundary may reach over 4000 °C (7200 °F). The high temperature and pressure in Earth's interior cause some rock to melt and solid mantle to behave plastically, resulting in portions of the mantle convecting upward since it is lighter than the surrounding rock. Rock and water is heated in the crust, sometimes up to 370 °C (700 °F). With water from hot sprin
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History

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Hot springs have been used for bathing at least since Paleolithic times. The oldest known spa is a stone pool on China's Lisan mountain built in the Qin Dynasty in the 3rd century BCE, at the same site where the Huaqing Chi palace was later built. In the first century CE, Romans conquered Aquae Sulis , now Bath, Somerset, England, and used the hot springs there to feed public baths and underfloor heating. The admission fees for these baths probably represent the first commercial use of geothermal power. The world's oldest geothermal district heating system in Chaudes-Aigues, France, has been operating since the 15th century. The earliest industrial exploitation began in 1827 with the use of geyser steam to extract boric acid from volcanic mud in Larderello, Italy. In 1892, America's first district heating system in Boise, Idaho was powered directly by geothermal energy, and was copied in Klamath Falls, Oregon in 1900. The first known building in the world to utilize geothe
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Electricity

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This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( October 2020 ) Direct use data 2015 Country Capacity (MW) 2015 United States 17,415.91 Philippines 3.30 Indonesia 2.30 Mexico 155.82 Italy 1,014.00 New Zealand 487.45 Iceland 2,040.00 Japan 2,186.17 Iran 81.50 El Salvador 3.36 Kenya 22.40 Costa Rica 1.00 Russia 308.20 Turkey 2,886.30 Papua-New Guinea 0.10 Guatemala 2.31 Portugal 35.20 China 17,870.00 France 2,346.90 Ethiopia 2.20 Germany 2,848.60 Austria 903.40 Australia 16.09 Thailand 128.51 The International Geothermal Association (IGA) has reported that 10,715 megawatts (MW) of geothermal power in 24 countries is online, which was expected to generate 67,246 GWh of electricity in 2010. This represents a 20% increase in online capacity since 2005. IGA projects growth to 18,500 MW by 2015, due to the projects presently under consideration,
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Types

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Geothermal energy comes in either vapor-dominated or liquid-dominated forms. Larderello and The Geysers are vapor-dominated. Vapor-dominated sites offer temperatures from 240 to 300 °C that produce superheated steam. Liquid-dominated plants edit Liquid-dominated reservoirs (LDRs) are more common with temperatures greater than 200 °C (392 °F) and are found near young volcanoes surrounding the Pacific Ocean and in rift zones and hot spots. Flash plants are the common way to generate electricity from these sources. Pumps are generally not required, powered instead when the water turns to steam. Most wells generate 2–10 MW of electricity. Steam is separated from a liquid via cyclone separators, while the liquid is returned to the reservoir for reheating/reuse. As of 2013, the largest liquid system is Cerro Prieto in Mexico, which generates 750 MW of electricity from temperatures reaching 350 °C (662 °F). The Salton Sea field in Southern California offers the potential of generating 2000
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Economics

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Geothermal power requires no fuel (except for pumps), and is therefore immune to fuel cost fluctuations. However, capital costs are significant. Drilling accounts for over half the costs, and exploration of deep resources entails significant risks. A typical well doublet (extraction and injection wells) in Nevada can support 4.5 megawatts (MW) and costs about $10 million to drill, with a 20% failure rate. In total, electrical plant construction and well drilling cost about €2–5 million per MW of electrical capacity, while the break-even price is 0.04–0.10 € per kW·h. Enhanced geothermal systems tend to be on the high side of these ranges, with capital costs above $4 million per MW and break-even above $0.054 per kW·h in 2007. Direct heating applications can use much shallower wells with lower temperatures, so smaller systems with lower costs and risks are feasible. Residential geothermal heat pumps with a capacity of 10 kilowatt (kW) are routinely installed for around $1–3,000 per kilo
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Resources

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The Earth's internal thermal energy flows to the surface by conduction at a rate of 44.2 terawatts (TW), and is replenished by radioactive decay of minerals at a rate of 30 TW. These power rates are more than double humanity's current energy consumption from all primary sources, but most of this energy flow is not recoverable. In addition to the internal heat flows, the top layer of the surface to a depth of 10 m (33 ft) is heated by solar energy during the summer, and releases that energy and cools during the winter. Outside of the seasonal variations, the geothermal gradient of temperatures through the crust is 25–30 °C (77–86 °F) per km of depth in most of the world. The conductive heat flux averages 0.1 MW/km2. These values are much higher near tectonic plate boundaries where the crust is thinner. They may be further augmented by fluid circulation, either through magma conduits, hot springs, hydrothermal circulation or a combination of these. A geothermal heat pump can extr
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